Complications of Altitude Sickness
While mild altitude sickness is temporary, Complications of Altitude Sickness can become life-threatening without prompt treatment. Complications affect the brain, lungs, and overall function, especially at altitudes over 3,500 metres.
1. High-Altitude Cerebral Oedema (HACE)
This is swelling of the brain due to fluid leakage from blood vessels. If untreated, it can lead to:
- Loss of coordination
- Unconsciousness
- Death
It is often preceded by AMS symptoms that worsen, such as severe headache and confusion.
2. High-Altitude Pulmonary Oedema (HAPE)
This occurs when fluid builds up in the lungs, severely impairing oxygen exchange. It can develop quickly and may be fatal. Signs include:
- Coughing up pink, frothy sputum
- Shortness of breath at rest
- Gurgling breath sounds
Even physically fit individuals are at risk. Immediate descent is crucial.
3. Long-Term Effects
Though rare, recurring exposure to high altitudes without proper acclimatisation may lead to:
- Chronic altitude sickness (Monge’s disease), especially in high-altitude residents
- Persistent high blood pressure in the lungs
- Long-lasting memory or cognitive issues after severe HACE
4. Accidents and Injury
Confusion, dizziness, and poor decision-making at altitude can lead to falls, accidents, or getting lost — especially in remote hiking environments.
Prevention Is Key
Most complications are entirely preventable. Ascending slowly, recognising early symptoms, and knowing when to descend are the most effective strategies.
South African and international trekking groups often include trained guides to help monitor climbers and manage risk. Education, preparation, and awareness make all the difference.
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Treatment for Altitude Sickness
