Complications of DiGeorge Syndrome
The complications of DiGeorge syndrome depend on which organs or systems are affected and how early the condition is diagnosed. While many children with mild symptoms live relatively normal lives, others may experience severe medical challenges that require ongoing care.
One of the most serious complications is related to the heart. Congenital heart defects, if left untreated, can lead to heart failure, poor oxygen supply to the body, and delayed development. Fortunately, with timely surgery and proper follow-up, most children can avoid long-term cardiac complications.
Immune system problems are another key concern. Children with poorly developed or absent thymus glands are more likely to get infections. These can range from mild colds to life-threatening illnesses like pneumonia or sepsis. In very rare cases, the immune deficiency is so severe that even common germs pose a danger. Early vaccination strategies, antibiotics, and immune-boosting therapies help reduce this risk.
Low calcium levels, if not managed, can cause repeated seizures, cramps, or tingling. This can affect quality of life and even lead to developmental delays. Regular monitoring and supplementation prevent most of these issues.
Mental health challenges are also common in older children and teenagers with DiGeorge syndrome. These may include anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and in some cases, schizophrenia. About one in four people with DiGeorge syndrome develop a psychiatric condition in adolescence or early adulthood. Access to psychological support and early intervention helps manage these issues effectively.
Complications of DiGeorge Syndrome
Learning difficulties can lead to academic struggles and lower self-esteem. Early intervention, tailored educational plans, and social skills training improve learning outcomes and confidence. In South Africa, inclusive education programmes are expanding, but specialised support can still be hard to access in some areas.
Social isolation is another challenge. Children with visible facial differences, speech problems, or learning delays may struggle with peer relationships. Support from families, schools, and communities is essential to foster inclusion and self-worth.
Finally, adults with DiGeorge syndrome may face ongoing health concerns, including autoimmune conditions, thyroid problems, and fertility issues. Regular follow-ups and medical monitoring remain important throughout life.
While the list of possible complications can seem daunting, proactive care makes a tremendous difference. Families who work closely with healthcare providers, educators, and support networks can help their children lead full, meaningful lives despite the challenges of DiGeorge syndrome.
