Complications of Food Allergy
The complications of food allergy can affect physical health, mental wellbeing, and quality of life. While many people manage their allergies well, food allergy carries the risk of serious and even fatal reactions, especially without proper diagnosis, avoidance, and emergency planning.
Anaphylaxis
The most severe complication of food allergy
Can occur within minutes of exposure
Causes airway swelling, low blood pressure, rapid pulse, and shock
Requires immediate treatment with adrenaline and emergency medical care
Common triggers: peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, and eggs
Some people may experience biphasic reactions, where symptoms return hours after initial treatment. Hospital observation is advised for several hours after anaphylaxis.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Strict avoidance diets, especially in young children, may lead to:
Calcium and vitamin D deficiency (from avoiding dairy)
Iron or B12 deficiency (from avoiding eggs or meat)
Growth delays if multiple major food groups are excluded
These risks are best managed by involving a paediatric dietitian or nutritionist.
Social and Emotional Impact
Children with food allergies may feel isolated or anxious at school, parties, or outings
Parents often report high levels of stress related to meal planning and fear of accidental exposure
Adolescents are at particular risk of risk-taking behaviour and may hide their allergy due to peer pressure
Ongoing support from healthcare providers, schools, and mental health professionals can help build confidence and independence.
Feeding Disorders
Children who have had severe allergic reactions early in life may develop food aversions or feeding difficulties
Sensory sensitivities, gagging, or refusal to try new foods may emerge
Behavioural feeding therapy can support recovery
Economic and Lifestyle Burden
Specialist foods, medications, and repeated doctor visits can be costly
Travel may require extensive planning and communication with airlines or hotels
Families often need to alter routines to ensure food safety
Despite these challenges, with a clear diagnosis and ongoing management plan, many people with food allergies live full and healthy lives.
Complications of Food Allergy
The complications of food allergy underscore the importance of early identification, access to emergency care, and a supportive community. Education, awareness, and medical guidance can reduce risks and promote safe, confident living.
