The symptoms of human papillomavirus (HPV) differ based on the virus type and where it appears in the body. One of the biggest challenges is that many people with HPV never show signs. Because of this, the symptoms of human papillomavirus often go unnoticed. The virus spreads silently from one person to another without anyone knowing.
When Symptoms Appear
Most people, especially those with strong immune systems, clear the virus naturally without symptoms. But if the infection lasts, signs may develop. These signs depend on whether the HPV type is low-risk or high-risk. Low-risk types usually cause harmless conditions like warts. High-risk types can lead to precancerous changes and cancers, often in the cervix, anus, throat, or genitals.
One of the most common symptoms of human papillomavirus linked to low-risk strains is warts. These warts can look different depending on their location:
- Genital warts: Small growths around the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, or anus. They can be flat or raised, single or many, and vary in size. They are usually painless but may itch or cause discomfort during sex.
- Common warts: Rough bumps on the hands and fingers.
- Plantar warts: Hard and sometimes painful growths on the soles of the feet.
- Flat warts: Slightly raised spots on the face, neck, or legs.
Warts are not usually dangerous. But they can cause stress and discomfort, especially in private areas or when they keep coming back. Having warts does not tell whether the HPV type is high-risk or low-risk, and it does not show cancer risk.
Hidden Dangers of High-Risk HPV
High-risk HPV types often stay silent for years. This means symptoms linked to cancer may not appear until the disease has advanced. Cervical cancer is a key example. It develops slowly over many years. During that time, infected cells in the cervix change little by little. Routine screening can catch these changes early, long before symptoms start.
When cervical cancer symptoms appear, they may include:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding (after sex or between periods)
- Unusual discharge
- Pelvic pain or pain during sex
These symptoms are vague and often mistaken for other issues. That is why Pap smears and HPV testing are vital.
Symptoms in Men and Anal Area
In men, high-risk HPV types can cause cancer of the penis, anus, or throat (oropharynx). These cancers are less common than cervical cancer but are increasing, especially throat cancers linked to oral sex. Symptoms can include:
- A sore throat that does not heal
- Hoarseness
- Trouble swallowing
- A lump in the neck
- Pain when urinating or discharge from the penis
- Sores or ulcers on the genitals
Anal cancer can cause itching, bleeding, or changes in bowel habits. Both men and women often notice these symptoms late. That is why regular health checks matter, even without discomfort.
Rare Cases and Children
Some children exposed to HPV during birth may get recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). This rare condition causes wart-like growths in the airways, especially in the voice box. Symptoms include a hoarse voice, long-lasting cough, and trouble breathing. Severe cases can block the airway and need repeated surgery.
Silent Spread and High-Risk Groups
Most people with HPV have no symptoms. They can pass the virus to others without knowing. This is a major reason HPV is so common worldwide. Even faithful partners can carry the virus from past relationships.
People with weak immune systems, such as those with HIV or on immune-suppressing drugs, often have worse symptoms. Warts grow faster, come back often, and appear in bigger clusters. These people also have a higher risk of cancer.
Why Early Action Matters
Not all tissue changes from HPV turn into cancer. Many precancerous changes go away on their own, especially in young people. But some changes may get worse if ignored. That is why screening, vaccination, and follow-up care are so important.
Summary
The symptoms of human papillomavirus range from none at all to warts, bleeding, discharge, or signs of cancer. HPV’s silent nature makes it hard to control without vaccination and screening. Knowing these symptoms and acting early can prevent serious health problems.
