Understanding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is more than just having trouble focusing or being a little restless from time to time. It’s a neurodevelopmental condition that affects many people worldwide, including a significant number in South Africa. If you’ve been finding it hard to concentrate, sitting still, or controlling impulsive behaviours, learning about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) might give you a better understanding of what you’re going through.

What Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition characterised by symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are more severe and long-lasting than what is typically seen in children and adults. It can affect many aspects of life, including school, work, relationships, and daily tasks. While everyone experiences occasional distractions, those with ADHD struggle with these symptoms on a daily basis.

Signs and Symptoms of ADHD

People with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may exhibit a mix of behavioural and cognitive symptoms, including:

• Inattention: Difficulty staying focused, easily distracted, or forgetting tasks.
• Impulsivity: Acting without thinking, interrupting others, or making hasty decisions.
• Hyperactivity: Feeling restless, fidgeting, or having trouble staying seated.
• Disorganisation: Trouble keeping track of belongings, managing time, or completing tasks.
• Difficulty Following Instructions: Struggling to follow through on directions, often leaving tasks unfinished.
• Emotional Instability: Overreacting to situations or having trouble regulating emotions.

These behaviours can cause challenges in school, work, and relationships, and can sometimes lead to frustration and low self-esteem.

How Common Is ADHD in South Africa?

In South Africa, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting a notable portion of children and adults. It is often underdiagnosed, with many individuals not receiving a formal diagnosis until they reach adulthood. According to local health organisations, ADHD can be present in up to 5% of the population, but its symptoms are frequently misunderstood or mistaken for other conditions.

What Causes ADHD?

While the exact cause of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not fully understood, research suggests several factors may contribute:

• Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families, so if a close relative has it, there’s a higher chance of developing the condition.
• Brain Structure and Function: Differences in brain structure and activity, particularly in areas involved in attention and impulse control, are common in people with ADHD.
• Prenatal Factors: Exposure to drugs, alcohol, or tobacco during pregnancy may increase the risk of developing ADHD.
• Environmental Factors: Lead exposure, premature birth, or extreme stress during early childhood can contribute to the development of ADHD.

How Is ADHD Diagnosed?

If you suspect you or your child might have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), it’s important to speak to a healthcare professional. In South Africa, you can start by consulting:

• Your GP: A general practitioner can evaluate symptoms and refer you to a specialist if needed.
• Mental Health Clinics: Public health services in South Africa offer access to child and adult psychiatric services.
• Psychiatrists or Psychologists: Mental health professionals can carry out detailed assessments using behavioural questionnaires, interviews, and observations.

They may:

• Assess the duration and severity of symptoms.
• Use diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
• Rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms, such as anxiety or learning disabilities.

Treatment Options for ADHD

Although Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can be challenging, it is treatable. Common treatment options include:

Medication:

• Stimulants: Medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) or amphetamines (Adderall) are the most common and effective treatments for ADHD. They help increase the levels of certain chemicals in the brain to improve focus and impulse control.
• Non-stimulants: Medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine may be prescribed if stimulants aren’t effective or cause side effects.

Therapy:

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): This type of therapy helps individuals with ADHD identify and modify unhelpful thought patterns and behaviours.
• Parenting Support and Behavioural Therapy: For children with ADHD, working with parents to develop strategies for managing behaviours can be helpful.
• Social Skills Training: For children and adults who struggle with interpersonal relationships due to ADHD, this can provide techniques to improve communication and social interactions.

Lifestyle Changes:

• Regular physical activity to help improve focus and reduce hyperactivity.
• Creating structured routines and using reminders for tasks can help manage disorganisation.
• Improving sleep hygiene to avoid sleep deprivation, which can exacerbate ADHD symptoms.
• Eating a balanced diet and avoiding excessive sugar and caffeine.

Tips for Coping with ADHD

If you’re managing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), these strategies may help:

• Create a Routine: Establish daily schedules and stick to them to improve organisation and reduce forgetfulness.
• Use Tools and Technology: Use apps, alarms, or planners to keep track of important tasks and deadlines.
• Take Breaks: Short, frequent breaks can help maintain focus and prevent mental fatigue.
• Minimise Distractions: Create a quiet, organised workspace free from distractions.
• Practice Self-Compassion: ADHD can bring challenges, but it’s important to focus on your strengths and practice patience with yourself.

Local and International Resources for ADHD

• South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG): Offers resources and support for mental health conditions, including ADHD.
• ADDitude Magazine: An international resource offering tips, support, and advice for individuals with ADHD and their families.
• Children and Adults with ADHD (CHADD): An organisation providing information on treatment, support groups, and strategies for managing ADHD.
• Mental Matters Directory: Find mental health and medical professionals across South Africa.

When to Get Help

If you or your child are struggling with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and it’s impacting daily life, don’t hesitate to seek professional help. Early intervention and treatment can significantly improve quality of life and help individuals with ADHD thrive at home, school, and work.

Final Thoughts

Living with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can be a challenge, but understanding the condition is a key step toward managing it effectively. With the right treatment, strategies, and support, it’s possible to live a more organised, fulfilling, and successful life. Remember, seeking help is not a sign of weakness—it’s an important step toward taking control and building a positive future.

Mental Matters is a resource and information platform. We do not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While the information on our website is for general awareness and support, it should not replace professional advice. For any mental health concerns, please consult a qualified healthcare or mental health professional.