Mental Matters

Health Conditions

Find information on various health conditions affecting people of all ages. This category covers causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options for physical illnesses and chronic diseases. Get insights to help you understand different health challenges and make informed decisions about your wellbeing.

Child struggling to focus while doing homework with adult help

Dyslexia

Dyslexia, Health Conditions /

Dyslexia Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty that affects reading, writing, and spelling skills. People with this condition often struggle to recognise and process the sounds of spoken language. Which makes it harder to decode written words. This condition is not linked to intelligence. Many individuals with dyslexia are highly creative and capable, but they learn in a different way. This condition is neurological in origin. It results from differences in how the brain processes language and written information. These differences affect phonological awareness (the ability to hear and manipulate sounds), working memory, and processing speed. Children with dyslexia may find it hard to match letters with sounds. Remember sequences, or read fluently, even though they are trying just as hard as their peers. The condition varies in severity and can affect people of all ages, though it is often identified during the early school years when children begin learning to read. While dyslexia cannot be cured, it can be managed with early identification, specialist teaching strategies, and the right support at home and in the classroom. In South Africa, dyslexia often goes undiagnosed due to a lack of awareness and limited access to educational psychologists or screening tools, particularly in rural areas. Many children are mislabelled as lazy or slow, when in fact they simply need a different approach to learning. Schools with limited resources may not have the capacity to offer specialist interventions or individualised instruction. Dyslexia Globally, dyslexia affects about 10–15% of the population, though numbers vary depending on screening methods and cultural context. In recent years, awareness has increased, and inclusive education practices have made it possible for learners with dyslexia to succeed academically and professionally. With the right support, individuals with this condition can thrive. Many become artists, entrepreneurs, engineers, or leaders in their fields. Understanding the condition and celebrating neurodiversity is key to breaking stigma and unlocking potential. [Next: Causes of Dyslexia →]

Dyslexia Read More »

Illustration of dyslexia-related brain functions and cognitive pathways

Causes of Dyslexia

Dyslexia, Health Conditions /

Causes of Dyslexia The causes of dyslexia are complex and involve both genetic and neurological factors. Research shows that dyslexia often runs in families, suggesting a strong hereditary link. Brain imaging studies have also revealed structural and functional differences in the brains of individuals with dyslexia. Particularly in areas responsible for language processing. One of the primary causes of dyslexia is difficulty in phonological processing. The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds in words. This makes it harder to connect letters with their corresponding sounds, a fundamental skill in learning to read and spell. These difficulties are not the result of poor teaching or lack of effort, but rather how the brain handles language input. Several genes have been linked to dyslexia, including DCDC2 and KIAA0319, which are involved in brain development. If a parent or sibling has dyslexia, the chances of a child also having it are significantly increased. However, genetic predisposition alone is not enough—environmental factors, teaching methods, and early intervention also play a role in how the condition manifests. Neurological studies show that people with dyslexia may have differences in how the left hemisphere of the brain—specifically the areas involved in reading—functions. These brain differences can slow down the processing of written language, even in highly intelligent individuals. As a result, they may struggle to keep up with classroom tasks or exam time limits. Contrary to outdated beliefs, dyslexia is not caused by vision problems. While some individuals may experience visual stress, the root issue is related to language processing, not eyesight. Interventions like coloured overlays or fonts may help with comfort, but they do not address the underlying phonological challenges. Causes of Dyslexia In South Africa, identifying the causes of dyslexia is often difficult due to limited access to diagnostic services. In many schools, teachers may not be trained to recognise signs of dyslexia, especially in multilingual environments where learners are navigating several languages at once. This creates a barrier to early support and may delay effective intervention. Understanding the causes of dyslexia helps dispel harmful myths. It shifts the narrative from blame or underperformance to awareness and support. With better training, teacher resources, and parental involvement, children with dyslexia can learn to read and write with confidence and success. [Next: Symptoms of Dyslexia →]

Causes of Dyslexia Read More »

Finger pointing at unreadable question marks in a book, representing dyslexia

Symptoms of Dyslexia

Dyslexia, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Dyslexia The symptoms of dyslexia vary from person to person but often involve difficulties with reading, spelling, and writing. These challenges are not due to a lack of intelligence or motivation, but rather a different way of processing language. People with dyslexia may also struggle with short-term memory, sequencing, and time management. In early childhood, one of the first symptoms of dyslexia is a delay in learning to speak or pronounce words clearly. Children may struggle to rhyme, follow multi-step instructions, or remember the names of letters and sounds. As they begin school, difficulties become more noticeable—reading may be slow, hesitant, and full of errors. They may avoid reading aloud or guess words based on context rather than decoding them. Spelling is often inconsistent. A child might spell the same word differently within the same paragraph. They may also reverse letters (such as ‘b’ and ‘d’) or write words in the wrong order. While these mistakes are normal in very young learners, they tend to persist longer in those with dyslexia. Other common symptoms of dyslexia include poor handwriting, difficulty copying from the board, and trouble organising written work. These children often find written tests challenging, even when they know the content. They may take longer to complete tasks and get frustrated or tired during reading or writing activities. In teenagers and adults, symptoms may include slow reading, difficulty taking notes, challenges with foreign language learning, and problems with planning or time management. Many individuals also experience low self-esteem, especially if their difficulties have gone unnoticed or unsupported. Symptoms of Dyslexia It’s important to note that people with dyslexia often have strengths in other areas. These may include problem-solving, creativity, spatial reasoning, and storytelling. Some excel in practical or visual subjects like art, engineering, or drama. In South Africa, symptoms of dyslexia may be masked in multilingual classrooms. Learners trying to acquire reading and writing skills in a second or third language may be misidentified as having a language delay rather than dyslexia. This makes culturally sensitive and language-aware assessment tools essential in diverse educational settings. Recognising the symptoms of dyslexia early leads to better outcomes. With targeted support—such as phonics-based instruction, extra time in exams, or the use of assistive technology—learners with dyslexia can make significant progress and gain confidence in their abilities. [Next: Diagnosis of Dyslexia →]

Symptoms of Dyslexia Read More »

Child undergoing a dyslexia assessment with a professional

Diagnosis of Dyslexia

Dyslexia, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Dyslexia The diagnosis of dyslexia is usually made after a series of assessments by an educational psychologist or a trained specialist teacher. These evaluations look at a person’s reading, writing, memory, processing speed, and phonological awareness. Since dyslexia is not linked to intelligence. People of all intellectual abilities can be affected—this is why careful, individualised testing is so important. The process often begins when a child shows persistent difficulties in reading and writing. That do not improve with standard teaching methods. Teachers or parents may notice slow reading, poor spelling, or avoidance of tasks that involve written work. While many young children make occasional reading errors, if those difficulties continue beyond the expected age range, a referral for assessment is recommended. During the diagnosis of dyslexia, the assessor will typically review developmental and educational history. Observe classroom behaviour, and conduct standardised tests. These may include tasks like repeating sounds, identifying rhymes, decoding unfamiliar words, and reading aloud. Spelling, writing fluency, and oral comprehension may also be assessed. A key feature of a formal dyslexia assessment is comparing a person’s reading and writing abilities with their overall cognitive ability. If there is a significant gap between verbal reasoning and reading accuracy, dyslexia is often diagnosed. The aim is not to label a learner, but to understand how they learn best and what support they need. Formal Diagnostics In South Africa, access to formal diagnostic services can be limited, especially in under-resourced schools or rural areas. Many families cannot afford private assessments, and public education systems often lack trained personnel. As a result, many learners go undiagnosed, missing out on early interventions that could transform their learning experience. It’s also important to recognise that dyslexia presents differently in multilingual learners. A child who struggles in English may read fluently in their home language. Therefore, assessments should be culturally and linguistically appropriate, with adjustments made for the learner’s language background and exposure. Diagnosis of Dyslexia While formal diagnosis is helpful for securing school-based accommodations—such as extra time in exams, the use of assistive technology, or exemption from certain tasks—early classroom-based interventions can still begin before a diagnosis is confirmed. Teachers with training in special needs education can often identify red flags and apply inclusive strategies. Getting a confirmed diagnosis of dyslexia empowers learners, parents, and teachers to work together more effectively. It shifts the focus from frustration and misunderstanding to practical, supportive solutions that allow the learner to succeed on their terms. [Next: Treatment of Dyslexia →]

Diagnosis of Dyslexia Read More »

Child receiving speech therapy for dyslexia

Treatment of Dyslexia

Dyslexia, Health Conditions /

Treatment of Dyslexia The treatment of dyslexia does not involve curing the condition, but rather supporting the individual to overcome learning barriers. With the right interventions, people with dyslexia can learn to read, write, and spell effectively. The earlier the support begins, the better the outcomes, but it’s never too late to help someone improve their literacy skills. The most effective treatment of dyslexia involves structured, multi-sensory teaching methods. These approaches use sight, sound, movement, and touch to help reinforce language connections. Phonics-based instruction is especially useful, as it helps learners decode words by linking sounds to letters. Programmes like Orton-Gillingham or other evidence-based phonics schemes are commonly used in specialist interventions. One-to-one or small-group instruction is often necessary, especially in the early stages of support. Lessons should be clear, consistent, and repeated regularly. Teachers break down reading and writing tasks into smaller, manageable steps, offering positive feedback and plenty of practice. Technology can also play a powerful role. Text-to-speech software, audiobooks, and voice recognition tools allow learners with dyslexia to access content and complete assignments without being held back by decoding difficulties. Spell-checkers and predictive text functions can reduce frustration and support independence in writing. In schools, reasonable accommodations are a critical part of treatment. These may include extended time during exams, alternative assessment methods, access to printed notes, or permission to use typing instead of handwriting. Inclusive policies help level the playing field and reduce stress for learners with dyslexia. Support does not end in the classroom. Parents play a key role by reading with their children, encouraging positive self-esteem, and providing structured routines at home. Training and awareness sessions for parents help them understand how dyslexia affects learning and behaviour, enabling them to respond with empathy and confidence. Counselling or psychological support may also be necessary. Many learners with dyslexia experience anxiety, embarrassment, or low self-worth due to years of academic struggles. Creating a supportive, non-judgemental environment where mistakes are part of learning can help rebuild confidence. Treatment of Dyslexia In South Africa, gaps remain in the delivery of dyslexia treatment—particularly in township and rural schools. NGOs and non-profits often provide literacy support and training workshops, but sustainable change requires government investment in teacher development, educational psychology, and inclusive policy implementation. The goal of treatment of dyslexia is to empower learners to access education on an equal footing. With the right strategies, tools, and encouragement, individuals with dyslexia can achieve success in school, university, and the workplace. [Next: Complications of Dyslexia →]

Treatment of Dyslexia Read More »

Illustration of dyslexia complications in learning

Complications of Dyslexia

Dyslexia, Health Conditions /

Complications of Dyslexia The complications of dyslexia are not just academic—they can affect every aspect of a person’s emotional, social, and professional life. When the condition is undiagnosed or unsupported, it often leads to long-term difficulties that extend beyond reading and writing. With early recognition and intervention, however, many of these challenges can be reduced or even prevented. One of the most common complications of dyslexia is low self-esteem. Learners who struggle to keep up with their peers may feel embarrassed, ashamed, or labelled as “lazy” or “stupid”, especially if their difficulties are misunderstood. These negative experiences can build up over time, leading to withdrawal from learning and social activities. Anxiety is also common. The constant pressure to read aloud, complete timed exams, or understand complex written instructions can be overwhelming. Some learners begin to fear school altogether, and this emotional distress can result in avoidance behaviours, absenteeism, or acting out in frustration. In older students and adults, dyslexia can impact career choices and job performance. Without support, they may avoid occupations that involve reading-heavy tasks, even if they have the skills and passion for the field. Difficulties in written communication may also hinder promotion, performance evaluations, or access to further education. Academic Complications Academic complications include poor performance in literacy-based subjects, slower progress through the curriculum, and lower exam scores. If learners are not given the right accommodations, they may fall behind despite having strong reasoning or creative abilities. Socially, the effects of dyslexia can lead to isolation. Children who struggle with reading may feel different or excluded from activities that involve storytelling, reading games, or academic competitions. These challenges can interfere with peer relationships and classroom engagement. In South Africa, learners with undiagnosed dyslexia in multilingual environments face additional barriers. They may be incorrectly assessed as having language or behavioural problems, and if support is not provided in their home language, the gap in understanding can widen. Without inclusive education practices, these learners risk dropping out or being misplaced in inappropriate learning streams. Another long-term complication is reduced educational attainment. Many learners with dyslexia underperform in standardised assessments and may be channelled away from further study or skills development. This has ripple effects on employment, income, and independence in adulthood. Complications of Dyslexia Yet, with proper intervention and support, these complications are not inevitable. Strong literacy foundations, emotional support, and inclusive teaching environments can transform outcomes. Many people with dyslexia go on to lead successful, fulfilling lives—especially when their unique strengths are recognised and their challenges are met with the right tools. Raising awareness about the complications of dyslexia highlights the urgent need for early diagnosis, informed teaching, and system-wide inclusion. It reminds us that with understanding and support, learners with dyslexia can flourish. [Next: Back to Overview →]

Complications of Dyslexia Read More »

Man clutching stomach in pain next to toilet

Dysentery

Dysentery, Health Conditions /

Dysentery Dysentery is an intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhoea with the presence of blood and mucus. Most cases of this condition are caused by bacteria or parasites. Furthermore, the condition can spread quickly through contaminated food, water, or poor sanitation. It is especially common in areas with inadequate access to clean drinking water and basic hygiene facilities. The primary symptom is bloody diarrhoea, often accompanied by stomach cramps, fever, and a constant feeling of needing to pass stool, even when the bowel is empty. Dysentery can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening dehydration, particularly in children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. There are two main types: bacillary and amoebic. Bacillary dysentery is usually caused by Shigella bacteria, while amoebic dysentery results from infection by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Both types are spread through the faecal-oral route, which means they can be contracted by consuming contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with infected faeces. In South Africa, this disease is more common in informal settlements and rural areas where clean water and sanitation are limited. Outbreaks may also occur after floods or in overcrowded places like refugee camps, where hygiene is difficult to maintain. Dysentery Globally, the World Health Organization classifies dysentery as a major public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It contributes significantly to child mortality rates due to dehydration and related complications. However, with timely treatment, most people recover fully. Early recognition of dysentery and access to clean water, oral rehydration solutions, and medical treatment can prevent serious illness and death. Public education, improved sanitation, and safe food handling are key to long-term prevention. [Next: Causes of Dysentery →]

Dysentery Read More »

Contaminated water flowing from rusty outdoor tap

Causes of Dysentery

Dysentery, Health Conditions /

Causes of Dysentery The causes of dysentery depend on the type of organism responsible for the infection. Poor hygiene, unsafe water, and contaminated food cause most cases. Once a person ingests these infectious agents. They travel to the intestines and begin to damage the lining of the gut, causing bleeding, inflammation, and frequent bowel movements. The most common cause of dysentery is Shigella bacteria, which causes bacillary dysentery. The disease spreads easily in areas where people don’t practice handwashing and live in close quarters. Even a small number of bacteria can trigger an infection. Children are particularly susceptible due to their developing immune systems and increased likelihood of coming into contact with germs. Another major cause is the Entamoeba histolytica parasite, which causes amoebic dysentery. Contaminated water or food often carries this parasite, which is more common in tropical and subtropical regions. It can live in the intestines without causing symptoms. However, in some people, it invades the gut wall and leads to bloody diarrhoea and other serious complications, such as liver abscesses. Other Causes Other causes of dysentery include poor sanitation infrastructure, especially in developing nations. When faecal matter contaminates water sources or is used as fertiliser without proper treatment, the risk of spreading dysentery increases. Open defecation, lack of access to soap, and unclean food preparation areas also contribute significantly. Travellers to high-risk areas may develop dysentery if they consume unbottled water. Raw produce, or street food prepared in unhygienic conditions. For this reason, it is often advised to drink only boiled or bottled water. Avoid ice cubes, and eat food that is fully cooked and served hot. In South Africa, waterborne outbreaks of dysentery can occur in underdeveloped or drought-affected regions. These outbreaks are more common after heavy rains, flooding, or service delivery interruptions that affect sanitation and water purification. Causes of Dysentery Some antibiotics or other medications that disrupt gut bacteria may indirectly increase the risk of infection by allowing harmful organisms to grow. People with compromised immune systems, including those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or malnutrition, are also more likely to contract severe forms of dysentery. Understanding the causes of dysentery is essential for both prevention and treatment. Measures such as safe drinking water, handwashing with soap, proper food storage, and sanitation systems are proven to reduce transmission and protect communities from widespread outbreaks. [Next: Symptoms of Dysentery →]

Causes of Dysentery Read More »

Man clutching his stomach in pain against a plain background

Symptoms of Dysentery

Dysentery, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Dysentery The symptoms of dysentery often start suddenly and can become severe if not treated promptly. The hallmark sign is frequent, urgent diarrhoea that contains blood and mucus. Unlike ordinary diarrhoea, which is usually watery, dysentery involves inflammation of the intestinal lining, causing tissue damage and visible blood in the stool. One of the earliest symptoms of dysentery is abdominal cramping. These cramps can be intense and may feel like constant pressure or stabbing pain in the lower abdomen. They are often followed by an urgent need to use the toilet, sometimes even when the bowels are already empty—a sensation known as tenesmus. In addition to bloody diarrhoea and cramping, other common symptoms include: Fever and chills Nausea and vomiting Fatigue and general weakness Loss of appetite Dehydration, especially in young children and the elderly People with severe dysentery may become dehydrated very quickly. Signs of dehydration include dry mouth, sunken eyes, low urine output, dizziness, and extreme thirst. In infants and small children, these signs can develop within hours and may lead to life-threatening complications if not addressed. Amoebic dysentery may have a slower onset and can sometimes go unnoticed for days or weeks. However, once symptoms begin, they closely resemble those of bacillary dysentery. In some cases, amoebic infection may spread beyond the gut and form abscesses in the liver, which can cause pain in the upper right abdomen and fever. In South Africa, outbreaks often present with similar symptoms in multiple members of the same household or community, particularly where sanitation is poor. Shared toilets, unsafe drinking water, or communal cooking areas contribute to the spread. It’s also important to distinguish dysentery from other forms of diarrhoea. Viral gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and inflammatory bowel disease can all cause diarrhoea but typically do not involve blood. If blood or mucus is seen in the stool, medical attention should be sought immediately. Symptoms of Dysentery The symptoms of dysentery are not only physically draining but also emotionally distressing. Fear of losing control in public or frequent bathroom visits can lead people to avoid work, school, or social settings. Children may miss out on vital education, and adults may face lost income. Recognising the symptoms of dysentery early and seeking prompt treatment helps prevent complications, reduce transmission, and speed up recovery. In most cases, medical care and proper hydration can restore health within a few days to a week. [Next: Diagnosis of Dysentery →]

Symptoms of Dysentery Read More »

Illustration of a healthcare professional discussing a medical report with a seated patient

Diagnosis of Dysentery

Dysentery, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Dysentery The diagnosis of dysentery usually begins with a medical history and physical examination. Doctors ask about recent travel, hygiene practices, food and water consumption, and whether others in the household are showing similar symptoms. Since dysentery presents with bloody diarrhoea, cramping, and fever, healthcare providers aim to quickly confirm the cause and start treatment. A stool sample is the most important diagnostic tool. Testing the stool allows doctors to identify whether the infection is caused by bacteria, parasites, or another agent. In bacillary dysentery, the stool will often test positive for Shigella bacteria. While in amoebic dysentery, Entamoeba histolytica cysts or trophozoites may be found. In some cases, further laboratory culture or antigen testing may be required. Doctors also check for signs of dehydration. If a patient shows symptoms such as low blood pressure, dry mouth, reduced urine output. Additionally, sunken eyes may require urgent fluid replacement. In severe cases, blood tests may be done to evaluate kidney function and electrolyte levels. In South Africa, especially in public hospitals and rural clinics, the diagnosis of dysentery is often made based on clinical presentation alone—particularly during outbreaks or when laboratory services are limited. Where stool testing is not immediately available, doctors may treat presumptively based on symptoms, travel history, and community exposure. Imaging, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, is rarely needed but may be used in severe cases where complications like a liver abscess (from amoebic infection) are suspected. This can help distinguish between intestinal and extra-intestinal disease, particularly in patients with right-sided abdominal pain or prolonged fever. It is important to rule out other causes of bloody diarrhoea, such as inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease), colorectal cancer, or other parasitic infections. Misdiagnosis can delay appropriate treatment and increase the risk of complications. Diagnosis of Dysentery Accurate and early diagnosis of dysentery is crucial. It helps guide the correct use of antibiotics or anti-parasitic medication, ensures the patient is isolated if necessary, and reduces the risk of spreading the disease to others. In community settings such as schools or workplaces, diagnosis also triggers important public health responses. In resource-limited settings, improving access to diagnostic tools—such as point-of-care stool tests—would significantly improve early detection and outbreak control. Until then, awareness, clinical training, and rapid response protocols remain vital in managing dysentery effectively. [Next: Treatment of Dysentery →]

Diagnosis of Dysentery Read More »

Scroll to Top