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Health Conditions

Find information on various health conditions affecting people of all ages. This category covers causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options for physical illnesses and chronic diseases. Get insights to help you understand different health challenges and make informed decisions about your wellbeing.

Digital illustration of fibroids in the female reproductive system

Causes of Fibroids

Fibroids, Health Conditions /

Causes of Fibroids The causes of fibroids are not fully understood, but researchers believe a mix of hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors contribute to their development. Fibroids are especially influenced by oestrogen and progesterone—hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and encourage uterine lining growth. Hormonal Factors Fibroids tend to: Grow during reproductive years, when oestrogen and progesterone levels are higher Shrink after menopause, due to the drop in hormone levels Enlarge during pregnancy, when hormone levels rise significantly Some hormonal contraceptives or hormone therapies may affect fibroid growth, although this varies between individuals. Genetic and Familial Factors Women with a family history of fibroids are more likely to develop them Certain genetic changes have been observed in fibroid tissue Identical twins are more likely to have fibroids than non-identical twins While genetics play a role, they do not guarantee fibroids will develop. Age and Ethnicity Fibroids are most common between the ages of 30 and 50 Black women are more likely to develop fibroids, often at a younger age and with more severe symptoms The reasons for ethnic disparities are not fully known but may involve genetics, vitamin D deficiency, or environmental influences Lifestyle and Health Some studies suggest that risk factors may include: Obesity Early onset of menstruation Vitamin D deficiency Excessive alcohol consumption Diet high in red meat and low in green vegetables or dairy However, lifestyle alone doesn’t determine whether fibroids will form. Reproductive History | Causes of Fibroids Women who have never given birth (nulliparous women) may have a slightly higher risk Pregnancy appears to have a protective effect, possibly due to hormonal and structural changes in the uterus The causes of fibroids are likely multifactorial. Understanding these risks helps women take preventive steps where possible, such as maintaining a healthy weight and monitoring changes in menstrual health. [Next: Symptoms of Fibroids →]

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Woman holding lower abdomen in pain indicating uterine fibroid symptoms

Symptoms of Fibroids

Fibroids, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Fibroids The symptoms of fibroids vary widely depending on the size, number, and location of the growths. Fibroids may be silent and go unnoticed for years, or they can cause chronic discomfort and disrupt daily life. In many cases, symptoms prompt women to seek medical help, leading to a diagnosis. Common Symptoms Heavy or prolonged periods (menorrhagia) May lead to iron-deficiency anaemia Pelvic pain or pressure Often described as a constant dull ache or heaviness Frequent urination, if fibroids press on the bladder Constipation, when fibroids press on the bowel Lower back pain, especially with large or posterior fibroids These symptoms can worsen over time and may fluctuate with hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle. Reproductive and Sexual Symptoms Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia) Difficulty getting pregnant, especially with submucosal fibroids (inside the uterine lining) Pregnancy complications, including miscarriage, premature labour, or breech positioning Not all fibroids affect fertility, but their presence may interfere with implantation or distort the uterine cavity. Types of Fibroids and Symptom Patterns The type of fibroid often influences the symptom: Submucosal fibroids (just under the uterine lining) tend to cause heavy bleeding Intramural fibroids (within the uterine wall) may lead to pressure and pain Subserosal fibroids (on the outer wall of the uterus) are more likely to press on nearby organs Large fibroids or multiple growths can cause noticeable abdominal swelling or bloating, often mistaken for weight gain or pregnancy. When to See a Doctor Seek medical advice if you experience: Periods that last more than 7 days Heavy bleeding with clots or flooding Severe pelvic pain or cramping Urinary urgency or trouble emptying the bladder Difficulty conceiving after 6–12 months of trying Symptoms of Fibroids Recognising the symptoms of fibroids early leads to quicker diagnosis and better outcomes. There are many effective treatments that can reduce discomfort, preserve fertility, and improve quality of life. [Next: Diagnosis of Fibroids→]

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Gynaecologist explaining fibroid diagnosis with anatomical uterus model

Diagnosis of Fibroids

Fibroids, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Fibroids The diagnosis of fibroids often begins when a woman presents with symptoms such as heavy periods, pelvic pressure, or difficulty conceiving. However, many fibroids are found incidentally during routine gynaecological check-ups or imaging for unrelated issues. Confirming their presence and determining the type is essential for planning treatment. Clinical History and Physical Examination Doctors begin by asking about: Menstrual patterns and bleeding severity Pelvic pain, cramping, or discomfort Bladder and bowel symptoms Fertility concerns or history of miscarriage Family history of fibroids or other gynaecological conditions During a pelvic examination, the uterus may feel enlarged, irregular, or firm—suggesting the presence of fibroids. Ultrasound Pelvic ultrasound (transabdominal or transvaginal) is the first-line imaging tool It helps measure the size, number, and location of fibroids Transvaginal ultrasound offers clearer images for smaller or deeper fibroids Ultrasound is safe, non-invasive, and widely available. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Provides detailed images of the uterus and surrounding structures Useful in complex cases or when surgery is being considered Can distinguish fibroids from other uterine masses, such as adenomyosis MRI is not always necessary but is helpful for treatment planning, especially before embolisation or myomectomy. Hysteroscopy Involves inserting a thin camera into the uterus through the cervix Helps detect submucosal fibroids that grow into the uterine cavity Often done as an outpatient procedure, especially before surgical removal Hysteroscopy is ideal when fibroids are suspected to affect the uterine lining and cause bleeding or infertility. Sonohysterography A special type of ultrasound using saline to highlight the uterine cavity Provides better visualisation of small submucosal fibroids Sometimes used in fertility assessments Blood Tests Full blood count (FBC) checks for anaemia in women with heavy periods Hormonal tests may be done to rule out other causes of irregular cycles Diagnosis of Fibroids The diagnosis of fibroids requires a combination of clinical skill and imaging. Once confirmed, the size, location, and impact of the fibroids guide the next steps in treatment and management. [Next: Treatment Options for Fibroids →]

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Doctor examining abdomen for fibroid treatment

Treatment Options for Fibroids

Fibroids, Health Conditions /

Treatment Options for Fibroids The treatment options for fibroids depend on symptoms, size, location, age, fertility goals, and overall health. While some fibroids need no treatment, others may require medication, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery. A personalised approach ensures women receive the most appropriate care for their needs. Watchful Waiting Many fibroids cause no symptoms and do not require treatment Regular monitoring with ultrasound may be advised This is a safe option for women nearing menopause, when fibroids often shrink naturally Medication Medications help manage symptoms but do not remove fibroids: Hormonal birth control pills, patches, or injections to control heavy bleeding Progestin-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) for lightening periods Tranexamic acid, a non-hormonal option to reduce menstrual blood loss GnRH agonists, which shrink fibroids temporarily by inducing a menopause-like state Pain relief medications, such as NSAIDs, to manage cramping These are typically short-term or for women not ready for surgery. Minimally Invasive Procedures 1. Uterine Artery Embolisation (UAE) Blocks blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink Performed under local anaesthetic by a radiologist Suitable for women not planning pregnancy 2. MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (FUS) Uses high-intensity ultrasound waves to destroy fibroid tissue Non-invasive but not widely available Suitable for specific fibroid types 3. Endometrial Ablation Destroys the uterine lining to control bleeding Not suitable for women who wish to become pregnant Surgical Options 1. Myomectomy Surgical removal of fibroids, preserving the uterus Suitable for women wishing to retain fertility May be done laparoscopically, abdominally, or hysteroscopically 2. Hysterectomy Complete removal of the uterus The only definitive cure for fibroids Considered when other treatments fail or in women with severe symptoms who no longer wish to conceive Lifestyle and Nutritional Support | Treatment Options for Fibroids Maintaining a healthy weight Increasing intake of green vegetables and vitamin D Reducing red meat and alcohol While not curative, these changes may support overall health and hormone balance. The wide range of treatment options for fibroids allows for flexible, tailored care. From conservative monitoring to advanced surgery, women can manage fibroids in a way that suits their goals and lifestyle. [Next: Complications of Fibroids →]

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Woman experiencing abdominal pain due to fibroid complications

Complications of Fibroids

Fibroids, Health Conditions /

Complications of Fibroids The complications of fibroids vary depending on size, number, and location. While many fibroids remain harmless, others can significantly affect reproductive health, daily life, and emotional health. Furthermore, left without treatment, problematic fibroids may lead to long-term issues. Anaemia and Fatigue Heavy or extended periods can lead to iron-deficiency anaemia Symptoms include tiredness, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath Severe anaemia may require iron supplements or blood transfusions Anaemia is one of the most common fibroid-related complications. Fertility and Pregnancy Issues Fibroids may interfere with implantation of a fertilised egg They can distort the uterine cavity or block the fallopian tubes Increased risk of miscarriage, preterm labour, or breech presentation Some women may require a caesarean delivery due to fibroid obstruction Not all fibroids cause infertility, but they are a consideration during fertility evaluations. Pelvic Pain and Pressure Large fibroids can press on nearby organs, causing: Urinary frequency or urgency Constipation Lower back or leg pain Pain during intercourse These symptoms may worsen with menstrual cycles or hormone fluctuations. Degeneration and Infection As fibroids outgrow their blood supply, they may begin to degenerate, causing: Sudden, severe pain Fever and inflammation Nausea or vomiting Rarely, therefore, fibroids can become infected, particularly after childbirth or surgery. Fibroid Torsion In pedunculated fibroids (attached by a stalk), the fibroid may twist. Thereby, cutting off its blood supply This causes acute pain and requires emergency surgery Emotional and Social Impact Ongoing symptoms can affect quality of life, causing stress or anxiety Women may avoid work, travel. Additionally, intimacy due to pain or bleeding Concerns about fertility or appearance may contribute to depression or low self-esteem Support and counselling may be helpful in managing the emotional aspects of fibroids. Rare Complications of Fibroids In extremely rare cases, fibroids may transform into cancerous tumours (leiomyosarcoma) The risk is extremely low and does not justify removal in asymptomatic cases The complications of fibroids are often manageable with the right medical care. Furthermore, early diagnosis, regular monitoring, and personalised treatment plans help reduce risk and improve wellbeing. [Next: Back to Overview →]

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Alcoholic beverages casting a shadow of a fetus representing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Health Conditions /

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder This fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to a range of lifelong physical, .Additionally, cognitive disabilities result from exposure during pregnancy. This alcohol spectrum disorder is entirely preventable, yet it remains one of the leading causes of developmental disability worldwide. It can affect children to varying degrees and often goes undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms with other conditions. FASD occurs when alcohol consumed by a pregnant person passes through the placenta. Therefore, it affects the developing baby’s brain and organs. There is no known safe amount of alcohol to drink during pregnancy. Furthermore, even small amounts may interfere with foetal development, particularly in the early weeks—often before a person knows they are pregnant. Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The condition encompasses a spectrum of outcomes. Some children may have distinctive facial features, growth issues, and intellectual disability. Others may appear physically typical but struggle with learning, attention, memory, and behaviour. FASD is a hidden disability in many cases, which means the affected individual may look typical but face significant daily challenges. Raising awareness of this alcohol spectrum disorder is key to prevention, early diagnosis, and improving quality of life through appropriate care and support. [Next: Causes of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder →]

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Pregnant woman reaching for a glass of red wine, highlighting the cause of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Causes of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Health Conditions /

Causes of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The causes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are directly linked to alcohol exposure during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is not inherited, contagious, or caused by the behaviour of the child after birth. It results from a teratogenic effect—meaning alcohol disrupts the development of the growing foetus. Alcohol and Pregnancy When a pregnant person consumes alcohol: It passes quickly through the placenta into the baby’s bloodstream The developing foetus cannot process alcohol efficiently Alcohol interferes with cell growth, brain development, and organ formation Damage can occur at any time during pregnancy, but the first trimester—when the brain, heart, and facial features are forming—is the most critical period. No Safe Limit Despite myths, no amount of alcohol is safe during pregnancy: Even small or occasional consumption can affect development Binge drinking (4+ drinks in one session) is especially harmful Risk increases with frequency, quantity, and timing of alcohol exposure Different people metabolise alcohol at different rates. What might be considered a “small amount” by one person could still harm a developing foetus. Risk Factors While alcohol exposure is the cause, some factors may influence how severely a child is affected: Genetic sensitivity to alcohol’s effects Nutritional status of the pregnant person Other substance use, including smoking or drug use Poor prenatal care or lack of medical support Stress, trauma, or lack of awareness about the risks In some communities, FASD is more common due to high rates of unplanned pregnancy and limited access to health education or support services. Preventability | Causes of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The most important fact about FASD is that it is 100% preventable: Avoiding alcohol entirely during pregnancy eliminates the risk Public health campaigns are working to promote this message Support services are available for people with alcohol dependency who are pregnant or planning to conceive Understanding the causes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder empowers healthcare systems, families, and communities to prevent this avoidable condition and promote healthier futures for children. [Next: Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder →]

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Facial features indicating Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in a child

Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder vary widely depending on the timing, amount, and duration of alcohol exposure during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder may affect a child’s physical appearance, cognitive ability, behaviour, and emotional development. Some symptoms are evident at birth, while others emerge as the child grows. Physical Symptoms Some individuals with FASD may show: Distinct facial features, such as: Smooth philtrum (the groove between nose and upper lip) Thin upper lip Small eye openings Low birth weight and poor growth after birth Smaller-than-average head size (microcephaly) Organ abnormalities, such as heart defects Hearing or vision problems Poor motor coordination These signs are more common in cases of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), the most recognisable and severe form within the FASD spectrum. Cognitive and Learning Difficulties Delayed speech and language development Poor memory, even for tasks just completed Difficulty understanding time and abstract concepts Problems with planning, organisation, and completing tasks Learning disabilities, including dyslexia and dyscalculia Children with FASD may perform well in some areas but struggle with consistency, attention, and applying knowledge across different settings. Behavioural and Emotional Issues Impulsiveness and poor judgement Hyperactivity and trouble sitting still Difficulty understanding consequences Poor social skills, including misreading social cues Emotional dysregulation, such as sudden anger or anxiety Sleep disturbances These behaviours can be mistaken for ADHD, autism, or oppositional defiant disorder, often leading to misdiagnosis or delayed support. Symptoms Over Time | Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder In adolescence and adulthood, symptoms may include: Mental health challenges, such as anxiety, depression, or substance use Trouble with employment or independent living Legal issues, often due to poor impulse control or misunderstandings Vulnerabilities to abuse, exploitation, or homelessness With early diagnosis and lifelong support, many people with FASD can thrive. However, without understanding or appropriate care, they are at higher risk of school failure, social exclusion, and emotional distress. Recognising the symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is key to early intervention and improved outcomes. Every child deserves a support system that understands the unique challenges they face. [Next: Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder→]

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Facial features used to diagnose Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is complex and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can present with a wide range of physical, cognitive, and behavioural features, many of which overlap with other conditions like ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, or learning disabilities. Early Recognition Diagnosis begins with: A detailed medical history, including confirmed or suspected prenatal alcohol exposure Developmental assessment, focusing on cognitive, social, and motor milestones Physical examination, looking for facial features and growth patterns Behavioural observations, particularly attention, memory, and emotional regulation Many children with FASD do not have the typical facial features, so the absence of physical signs does not rule out the condition. Diagnostic Criteria Some countries follow the Canadian Guidelines, CDC definitions, or Four-Digit Diagnostic Code, which assess: Growth deficiencies – below-average height or weight Facial anomalies – smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures Brain function impairment – poor memory, delayed development, learning difficulties Confirmed alcohol exposure in pregnancy A diagnosis may be categorised as: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – includes facial features, growth restriction, and brain involvement Partial FAS, Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND), or Neurobehavioural Disorder associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE) The type depends on which areas of functioning are affected and whether facial or growth features are present. Diagnostic Tools and Assessments Neuropsychological testing, to assess cognitive ability, memory, attention, and executive function Speech and language evaluations Occupational therapy assessments, especially for fine motor skills and sensory issues Standardised facial measurements, often using specialised software or clinicians trained in FASD diagnosis Confirming alcohol exposure can be challenging, particularly in adoption or foster care cases. Diagnosis may still proceed based on developmental concerns and clinical judgement. Challenges and Misdiagnosis Many children are misdiagnosed with ADHD, conduct disorder, or autism before FASD is considered Lack of awareness or stigma about maternal alcohol use may delay referral In some cases, FASD is never formally diagnosed, but the child still benefits from support services for developmental needs Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder allows children and families to access appropriate support, plan for the future, and understand the root cause of the child’s difficulties. [Next: Treatment and Support for FASD →]

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Smiling doctor speaking with a mother holding her baby

Treatment and Support for FASD

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Health Conditions /

Treatment and Support for FASD The treatment and support for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is lifelong and focuses on improving function, coping strategies, and quality of life. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has no cure, but early intervention and tailored support significantly improve outcomes for individuals and families. Early Intervention Early diagnosis allows children to: Receive special education support Access speech and language therapy Improve motor skills through physiotherapy and occupational therapy Build self-regulation through behavioural therapy and social skills training The earlier the intervention, the better the chance of developing healthy routines, school readiness, and emotional stability. Educational Support Children with FASD often need: Individualised Education Plans (IEPs) in school Classroom aides or adapted materials Repetition and routine, as they may struggle with generalisation or transitions Visual cues and structure, rather than verbal-only instruction Teachers and school staff must understand FASD-related challenges, including poor memory, difficulty with abstract concepts, and impulsivity. Behavioural and Mental Health Care FASD often involves emotional and behavioural issues that benefit from: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) Trauma-informed counselling, especially in children who have experienced instability or neglect Mental health support, as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem are common Some children may also be prescribed medication, such as stimulants or mood stabilisers, though medication is not a primary treatment. Family and Carer Support Parents and carers may need: Training in FASD-friendly parenting, including clear routines, calm environments, and consistent rules Respite care, to manage exhaustion or burnout Peer support groups, both online and in person Counselling or therapy, especially when caring for children with high needs Adoptive and foster families often benefit from education about trauma and neurodivergence, as these experiences can overlap with FASD. Community and Advocacy Resources | Treatment and Support for FASD Support organisations offer toolkits, workshops, and navigation assistance Advocacy services can help families secure education or disability funding Public awareness campaigns reduce stigma and promote prevention The treatment and support for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder must be coordinated, compassionate, and adapted to the individual’s strengths and needs. With the right approach, people with FASD can learn, grow, and lead fulfilling lives. [Next: Complications of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder →]

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