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Health Conditions

Find information on various health conditions affecting people of all ages. This category covers causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options for physical illnesses and chronic diseases. Get insights to help you understand different health challenges and make informed decisions about your wellbeing.

Teacher helping a young boy with learning difficulties

Complications of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Health Conditions /

Complications of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The complications of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder affect not only the individual’s development but also their social, emotional, and physical wellbeing. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a lifelong condition, and without support, many individuals face serious secondary challenges that could be prevented or reduced with early intervention. Educational Difficulties Children may fall behind academically due to memory issues, poor concentration, and language delays They may struggle with abstract thinking, time management, and problem-solving Without tailored learning environments, they risk being labelled as disruptive or lazy, when the issue is neurological Early school exclusion or misdiagnosis as ADHD or behavioural disorder is common. Social and Emotional Problems FASD often leads to: Social isolation, due to difficulty reading cues or maintaining friendships Poor emotional regulation, resulting in outbursts or withdrawal Low self-esteem, especially when children realise they are different from peers Difficulty forming safe relationships, which may lead to exploitation These complications increase in adolescence when expectations of independence grow but cognitive maturity remains delayed. Legal and Justice System Involvement Studies show that many individuals with undiagnosed FASD are overrepresented in the justice system due to: Impulsivity and poor judgement Trouble understanding consequences Difficulty following instructions Susceptibility to peer pressure or manipulation Some commit offences without fully understanding the implications, making legal advocacy and supported decision-making essential. Mental Health Complications High risk of anxiety, depression, and substance misuse Suicidal thoughts or self-harm may arise, especially if unsupported Psychiatric diagnoses may be layered over FASD, making care more complex Integrated care that addresses both mental health and neurodevelopment is critical. Health and Daily Functioning Sleep disturbances, sensory sensitivities, and poor coordination affect everyday living Poor hygiene, meal preparation, and money management are common struggles Many require lifelong support with housing, employment, and relationships Without structured routines and long-term planning, these difficulties can become overwhelming for the individual and family. Secondary Trauma in Families Parents and carers may experience: Burnout, due to behavioural challenges or navigating complex systems Frustration at slow progress or misinformed professionals Emotional distress, particularly when support is limited Access to early diagnosis, clear guidance, and compassionate services reduces the severity of these complications. Complications of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder The complications of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are not inevitable. With awareness, appropriate care, and strong community support, people with FASD can be protected from avoidable harm and enabled to reach their full potential. [Next: Back to Overview →]

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Illustration of female reproductive system with scissors symbolising genital mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, Health Conditions /

Female Genital Mutilation These prosedures, Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to procedures that intentionally alter or injure the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. This mutilation is a violation of human rights and has no health benefits. Instead, it causes severe pain, trauma, and long-term physical and emotional consequences. People mostly carry out FGM on girls between infancy and age 15. Often, without anaesthesia and in unsanitary conditions. People practice FGM in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. As well as within certain immigrant communities around the world, including in Europe and North America. Cultural, social, and sometimes religious beliefs deeply root it. Often, aimed at controlling female sexuality or ensuring marriageability. Female Genital Mutilation There are four main types of FGM, ranging from partial removal of the clitoris to full infibulation. Where the vaginal opening is narrowed by cutting and repositioning the labia. All forms are harmful and carry risk of complications such as infection, infertility, childbirth complications, and psychological trauma. FGM has no basis in modern healthcare or religious doctrine. Global campaigns led by the United Nations, WHO, and local organisations are working to eliminate the practice through education, legal reform, and community engagement. Raising awareness about this mutilation is key to ending it and supporting survivors. [Next: Causes and Cultural Roots of Female Genital Mutilation →]

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Group of traditionally dressed women in a rural setting, representing cultural practices

Causes and Cultural Roots of Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, Health Conditions /

Causes and Cultural Roots of Female Genital Mutilation The causes and cultural roots of female genital mutilation are complex and vary across regions and communities. Female genital mutilation is often driven by deep-seated beliefs about purity, social acceptance, and gender roles. Understanding these motivations is essential for developing respectful and effective prevention strategies. Social Pressures Many communities consider FGM a rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood. Communities may celebrate it as a cultural milestone that prepares a girl for marriage, motherhood, and full social participation. Families may feel pressure to conform to these expectations to avoid stigma, shame, or exclusion. Some communities may consider a girl who has not undergone FGM as “unclean” or unmarriageable Mothers and grandmothers often play key roles in perpetuating the practice Men may support it based on cultural conditioning, though some are unaware of its full impact Beliefs About Purity and Morality FGM is frequently linked to controlling female sexuality: Many believe FGM reduces sexual desire, promoting virginity before marriage and fidelity afterwards Some think it enhances cleanliness or femininity Others believe it fulfils religious obligations, although no major religion mandates FGM Families and communities often pass down these beliefs through generations, reinforcing them with misinformation and fear. Misconceptions and Misinformation Many communities lack accurate medical knowledge: Some people may falsely present FGM as safe or hygienic People may not realise the long-term complications associated with the procedure Healthcare providers in some areas may perform FGM under the guise of “medicalisation,” giving a false sense of safety Education is essential to challenge myths and promote understanding of the risks. Economic and Social Factors In some cultures, families link FGM to bride price or dowry, making it economically appealing Traditional practitioners may rely on performing FGM as a source of income Parents may believe they are acting in the child’s best interest based on community values Migration and Diaspora | Causes and Cultural Roots of Female Genital Mutilation FGM is also found in diaspora communities where the practice continues as a way to preserve cultural identity. However, second-generation migrants often question or reject the tradition, leading to generational tension and a growing shift in attitudes. Understanding the causes and cultural roots of female genital mutilation helps frame interventions in a respectful, community-led way. Solutions must address not only health and human rights, but also the cultural fears and misinformation that sustain the practice. [Next: Symptoms and Signs of Female Genital Mutilation →]

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Woman in green dress clutching lower abdomen in pain

Symptoms and Signs of Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, Health Conditions /

Symptoms and Signs of Female Genital Mutilation The symptoms and signs of female genital mutilation depend on the type performed, the girl’s age, and the circumstances under which it was carried out. Female genital mutilation causes both immediate physical trauma and long-term complications that may affect a woman’s reproductive, sexual, and mental health. Immediate Symptoms Short-term effects may include: Severe pain, especially when performed without anaesthesia Excessive bleeding (haemorrhage) Swelling and inflammation of the vulva Shock, which can be life-threatening in young girls Infection, due to the use of non-sterile instruments Urination difficulties, from swelling or scarring Difficulty walking or sitting In severe cases, girls may die from sepsis, tetanus, or massive blood loss. These outcomes are more likely when the procedure is performed by untrained individuals or in unsanitary environments. Long-Term Physical Complications Women who have undergone FGM may experience: Chronic pelvic pain Menstrual problems, including obstructed flow and painful periods Urinary tract infections Cysts or abscesses, especially in infibulated individuals Pain during sexual intercourse Increased risk of complications during childbirth, such as obstructed labour or postpartum haemorrhage Infertility, in rare cases The severity of these complications often depends on the type of FGM. Type III (infibulation) tends to cause the most serious long-term effects. Psychological and Emotional Effects The trauma of FGM can lead to: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Depression and anxiety Sleep disturbances and nightmares Fear of medical procedures, particularly gynaecological exams Low self-esteem, especially around sexuality and body image These effects may last into adulthood and interfere with relationships, intimacy, and parenting. Signs in Clinical or Social Settings Health professionals or teachers may observe signs of FGM, especially in young girls or recently migrated populations: Reluctance to participate in physical education or swimming Frequent urinary or menstrual issues Difficulty sitting or walking comfortably Avoidance of medical exams Emotional distress or withdrawal | Symptoms and Signs of Female Genital Mutilation In many cases, FGM is not disclosed willingly due to shame, fear, or loyalty to family traditions. Sensitive questioning and non-judgemental support are key to identifying and helping survivors. Recognising the symptoms and signs of female genital mutilation allows for timely intervention, emotional support, and protection of those at risk. It also plays a crucial role in preventing the cycle from continuing [Next: Diagnosis of Female Genital Mutilation→]

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Doctor pointing at pelvic model with a pen

Diagnosis of Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Female Genital Mutilation The diagnosis of female genital mutilation is typically made during a clinical examination, especially in contexts where survivors seek care for related complications. Female genital mutilation may also be identified during routine check-ups, maternity care, or when investigating symptoms like chronic pelvic pain or menstrual irregularities. Clinical Identification Healthcare professionals may recognise FGM through: Visual inspection of the external genitalia Patient disclosure, though many may be hesitant due to fear, stigma, or cultural pressure Medical history, including past surgeries, childbirth complications, or sexual pain Complications during gynaecological exams, such as narrow vaginal openings or scarring In some cases, children or adolescents may be referred by teachers, social workers, or school nurses who observe behavioural or physical signs suggesting they may have undergone FGM or be at risk. Types of FGM (WHO Classification) Diagnosing FGM also involves identifying the type: Understanding the type of FGM is essential for developing appropriate medical and psychological care plans. Screening in Migrant Populations In countries with low prevalence of FGM, healthcare systems may screen: Pregnant women from practising countries Girls at risk during safeguarding assessments New arrivals, as part of refugee health services These screenings are guided by ethical principles and patient consent. They must be done with sensitivity and respect for cultural context. Legal and Reporting Obligations In some countries, professionals have a legal duty to report known or suspected cases of FGM, especially in minors. Mandatory reporting laws are intended to protect children at risk but must be balanced with cultural sensitivity and patient trust. Documentation should: Use accurate, non-judgemental language Avoid making assumptions about intent or family dynamics Focus on the medical findings and any safeguarding concerns Diagnosis of Female Genital Mutilation The diagnosis of female genital mutilation is both a medical and social responsibility. Early recognition leads to better care, trauma-informed support, and potentially protects others from harm. [Next: Treatment and Support for Survivors →]

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Anatomical female reproductive system model held by medical professional

Survivors of Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, Health Conditions /

Treatment and Support for Survivors The treatment and support for survivors of female genital mutilation must be holistic, compassionate, and trauma-informed. Female genital mutilation causes not only physical injury but also emotional distress and long-term reproductive health issues. Care plans should address medical, psychological, and social needs. Medical Treatment Immediate or long-term care may involve: Wound care, if a girl or woman presents shortly after undergoing FGM Antibiotics, to treat infections or abscesses Pain management, especially for menstrual or sexual discomfort Surgical interventions, such as: Deinfibulation, which involves opening the sealed vaginal area (often necessary before childbirth) Reconstructive surgery, aimed at restoring normal anatomy and improving function Treatment should always be offered with consent and full explanation, especially in cultures where discussing genital health may be taboo. Gynaecological and Reproductive Health Ongoing support may include: Menstrual care, particularly in women with obstructed flow or painful periods Fertility support, if damage has affected the reproductive system Maternity care, including planning for safer delivery if infibulation is present Sexual health counselling, to address pain, fear, or difficulty with intimacy Healthcare providers must offer non-judgemental, culturally aware services that allow patients to feel safe and heard. Mental Health Support Many survivors of FGM live with: Anxiety and depression Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Shame, guilt, or low self-esteem Difficulty forming relationships or trusting others Therapies that may help include: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) Trauma-focused counselling Support groups, especially those led by survivors Culturally competent therapists, who understand the emotional and cultural weight of FGM Social and Community Support | Treatment and Support for Survivors Safeguarding services for minors or women at continued risk Legal aid and advocacy in countries where FGM is a criminal offence Education and outreach, helping communities understand the harms of FGM and promote alternatives Empowerment programmes, especially for women in diaspora settings where traditional roles may be changing Supporting survivors of female genital mutilation means treating more than just physical scars. It involves building trust, restoring dignity, and helping women and girls regain control of their bodies and lives. [Next: Complications of Female Genital Mutilation →]

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Medical model of female pelvis held by doctor in gloves

Complications of Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, Health Conditions /

Complications of Female Genital Mutilation The complications of female genital mutilation can be immediate, long-term, and deeply personal. Female genital mutilation affects every aspect of a girl or woman’s health, including physical, reproductive, sexual, and psychological wellbeing. The severity often depends on the type of FGM performed and the age at which it was done. Immediate Complications Short-term risks include: Severe pain and shock Excessive bleeding (haemorrhage) Swelling and inflammation Infections, including tetanus, HIV, or sepsis Urinary retention, due to swelling or pain Death, in rare cases from uncontrolled bleeding or infection Many of these complications occur because the procedure is performed without anaesthesia, sterile tools, or medical training. Long-Term Physical Complications Survivors may experience: Chronic pelvic pain Recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs) Painful menstruation or blocked flow Sexual dysfunction, including pain during intercourse or reduced pleasure Infertility, in some cases linked to scarring or infection Complicated childbirth, often requiring surgical intervention or caesarean delivery Obstetric fistula, a rare but devastating injury from obstructed labour These complications can lead to lifelong health issues and repeated hospital visits. Psychological Complications The emotional impact of FGM may include: Anxiety or panic attacks, especially during medical exams Depression, guilt, or shame Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Body image issues, especially around intimacy or sexuality Relationship difficulties, due to physical pain or emotional disconnection Supportive counselling is often essential to help survivors process these experiences and begin healing. Social and Cultural Effects Women affected by FGM may: Struggle to access appropriate care, especially if language or cultural barriers exist Face stigma if they reject or speak out against FGM Fear rejection from their community or family Encounter barriers in education or work, particularly if trauma leads to withdrawal or low confidence Children at risk may be removed from school or hidden from authorities in efforts to avoid legal consequences, disrupting their education and safety. Medicalisation Risks | Complications of Female Genital Mutilation In some regions, FGM is now performed by healthcare professionals to reduce harm. However, this medicalisation does not eliminate complications and continues to violate human rights. It also risks legitimising a harmful practice. The complications of female genital mutilation are far-reaching and deeply damaging. Eliminating FGM requires more than legal bans—it requires education, healthcare access, survivor support, and cultural change driven from within affected communities. [Next: Back to Overview →] Complications of Female Genital Mutilation

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Child lying in bed with a fever compress on forehead during a febrile seizure

Febrile Seizures

Febrile Seizures, Health Conditions /

Febrile Seizures These Febrile seizures are convulsions that occur in young children due to a sudden rise in body temperature. Often, during a fever caused by infection. These seizures typically affect children between six months and five years of age and are not related to epilepsy or long-term brain damage. Although frightening for parents, they are usually harmless and do not cause lasting harm. During a these seizure, the child may lose consciousness, shake or twitch their limbs, roll their eyes, or become stiff. These episodes generally last less than five minutes, though they can feel much longer to those watching. The child may be sleepy or confused after the seizure but usually recovers fully within a short time. These seizures are relatively common, occurring in 2% to 5% of children worldwide. They are usually linked to viral or bacterial infections that cause a rapid spike in temperature, such as flu, ear infections, or tonsillitis. It is not always the height of the fever that triggers a seizure—but rather how quickly the temperature rises. Febrile Seizures There are two types: simple febrile seizures (brief and generalised) and complex febrile seizures (longer, recurring, or affecting one side of the body). Simple seizures are more common and less concerning from a neurological perspective. Understanding these seizures helps parents respond calmly, seek appropriate care, and avoid unnecessary panic during a very distressing moment. [Next: Causes of Febrile Seizures →]

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Hand blocking virus particles representing infection causes of febrile seizures

Causes of Febrile Seizures

Febrile Seizures, Health Conditions /

Causes of Febrile Seizures The causes of febrile seizures are linked to the rapid rise in body temperature during infections. These seizures are not caused by epilepsy, brain injury, or low blood sugar, but by a developing nervous system’s response to fever. They are more about how the child’s brain reacts to temperature changes than the illness itself. Infections Triggering Fever Common illnesses that can trigger febrile seizures include: Viral infections, such as influenza, roseola, and adenovirus Bacterial infections, like tonsillitis, ear infections, and pneumonia Childhood illnesses, such as measles or chickenpox Post-vaccination fever, occasionally seen after immunisations like MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) It’s important to note that febrile seizures are not caused by the vaccine itself but by the fever that may follow as a natural immune response. Fever Response in Young Children Young children have immature thermoregulatory and nervous systems. When their temperature rises quickly—particularly over 38.5°C (101.3°F)—the brain may respond with a seizure. This is more likely during the first day of fever. Factors increasing seizure risk: Rapid temperature rise, rather than the highest temperature reached First-time fevers, especially in infants Sleep or drowsiness, as seizures are more likely when the brain is already in a relaxed state Genetic Predisposition There is a strong hereditary element: A child is more likely to have febrile seizures if a parent or sibling had them Some families may carry genes that make children more sensitive to fever spikes However, most children with febrile seizures do not go on to develop epilepsy Not Caused By Febrile seizures are not caused by: Head injuries Low blood sugar Teething Poor parenting or neglect Epileptic disorders (though the distinction can require assessment) Causes of Febrile Seizures Understanding the causes of febrile seizures reassures parents that they are not due to anything they’ve done wrong and helps reduce unnecessary worry during future fevers. [Next: Symptoms of Febrile Seizures →]

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Child experiencing a febrile seizure while lying in a hospital bed

Symptoms of Febrile Seizures

Febrile Seizures, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Febrile Seizures The symptoms of febrile seizures can be alarming but are usually brief and self-limiting. Febrile seizures almost always happen in the early stages of a fever and may be the first sign that a child is unwell. Recognising the signs helps ensure a quick and calm response. Simple Febrile Seizures These are the most common type. They usually: Occur once during a single fever episode Last less than 5 minutes Affect both sides of the body Cause loss of consciousness and generalised shaking or stiffness During the seizure, the child may: Lose awareness or appear unresponsive Stiffen their body or jerk their arms and legs rhythmically Roll their eyes or clench their jaw Become flushed or pale Drool or foam at the mouth Once the seizure ends, the child may be sleepy, irritable, or briefly confused—but they usually recover fully within 15–30 minutes. Complex Febrile Seizures These are less common and: Last more than 15 minutes Occur more than once in 24 hours Affect only one part of the body (focal seizures) Children with complex febrile seizures may need additional medical evaluation, including blood tests or scans, to rule out other causes. Warning Signs Before a Seizure Parents may notice: Rapid fever rise, even if the child doesn’t seem very sick Sudden irritability, tiredness, or shivering High-pitched cry or sudden unresponsiveness just before the seizure starts When to Seek Emergency Help Always seek immediate medical attention if: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes The child has difficulty breathing or turns blue The seizure happens after a head injury The child has a stiff neck, rash, or is difficult to wake after the seizure It is the child’s first seizure These signs may suggest something more serious, such as meningitis or epilepsy, and require urgent care. Symptoms of Febrile Seizures Recognising the symptoms of febrile seizures ensures parents stay alert and respond calmly. While the event can be distressing, reassurance, observation, and follow-up are usually all that’s required after a simple febrile episode. [Next: Diagnosis of Febrile Seizures→]

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