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Health Conditions

Find information on various health conditions affecting people of all ages. This category covers causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options for physical illnesses and chronic diseases. Get insights to help you understand different health challenges and make informed decisions about your wellbeing.

Outstretched hand showing palm and wrist

Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Health Conditions /

Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome include repetitive wrist movements, underlying medical conditions, and anatomical factors that put pressure on the median nerve. The most common causes involve repetitive strain, wrist injuries, and chronic inflammation. 1. Repetitive Strain Jobs or hobbies that require frequent wrist flexing or hand movements — such as typing, assembly line work, sewing, or playing musical instruments — can strain the wrist and inflame surrounding tissues. Over time, this leads to swelling within the carpal tunnel and nerve compression. 2. Medical Conditions Certain health issues increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel: 3. Trauma or Injury Wrist fractures, sprains, or dislocations can alter the shape of the carpal tunnel or create scar tissue, compressing the nerve. 4. Hereditary Factors Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Some people are born with a narrower carpal tunnel, which increases their vulnerability. Family history is often a contributing factor. Other causes include: Identifying the causes helps guide prevention strategies — such as ergonomic workspaces, regular stretching, and early treatment for related health conditions. [Next: Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome →]

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Person holding their wrist in discomfort suggesting carpal tunnel symptoms

Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome often begin gradually and may worsen over time, particularly during activities that involve wrist flexion. The most common symptoms include numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the affected hand. Numbness and Tingling These sensations typically affect the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger. Many people describe it as a “pins and needles” feeling, often occurring at night or upon waking. Hand Pain Pain may be localised to the wrist or radiate up the forearm. It often worsens with activities like holding a phone, driving, or reading a book. Weakness People may experience difficulty gripping objects or performing fine motor tasks. Items may slip from the hand, or actions such as buttoning clothes may become challenging. Swelling or Burning Sensations Although actual swelling may not be present, the hand can feel swollen or hot, especially at night. Night-time Symptoms Nocturnal symptoms are very common. Many individuals wake during the night with hand discomfort and must shake or flex their wrist to relieve it. Progression Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome If left untreated, symptoms can become constant. In severe cases, the muscles at the base of the thumb (thenar muscles) may begin to waste away (atrophy), leading to permanent hand dysfunction. Recognising symptoms early can prevent long-term nerve damage and reduce the need for surgical intervention. [Next: Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome →]

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Hand being tested with medical device for carpal tunnel diagnosis

Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome involves a combination of physical examination, symptom review, and specialised tests to assess nerve function. A clear diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is important for guiding treatment and ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms. Medical History The doctor begins by asking about the nature, frequency, and timing of symptoms. Questions focus on when discomfort occurs (especially at night), the fingers affected, and any occupational or lifestyle habits that involve repetitive wrist use. Physical Examination Several clinical tests are used: Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) This test measures the speed at which electrical impulses travel through the median nerve. Slowed conduction suggests compression. Electromyography (EMG) Used alongside NCS, EMG evaluates the electrical activity of muscles to detect nerve damage or muscle wasting. Ultrasound or MRI Imaging may be used to visualise the median nerve and surrounding structures, particularly if a mass or anatomical abnormality is suspected. Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome In some cases, blood tests are ordered to rule out diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, or autoimmune diseases contributing to symptoms. A prompt and accurate diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome ensures the most effective treatment approach — whether conservative or surgical — and helps prevent long-term nerve damage. How Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosed? Diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome involves a detailed review of symptoms, physical examination, and specialised nerve tests. A healthcare provider will start by asking about symptom patterns — particularly numbness, tingling, or pain in the thumb, index, and middle fingers, especially at night. The doctor may also ask about work or daily habits that involve repetitive wrist movements. Doctors often use physical tests like Tinel’s sign (tapping over the median nerve at the wrist) and Phalen’s manoeuvre (holding the wrists in a flexed position) to provoke symptoms and support a clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Confirming the Diagnosis with Tests Doctors use tests like nerve conduction studies (NCS) to assess nerve function and confirm the diagnosis. These tests measure how quickly electrical signals travel through the median nerve. Slowed conduction in the median nerve supports a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, indicating compression or damage within the carpal tunnel. Electromyography (EMG) helps evaluate muscle activity and can detect signs of nerve damage, offering additional confirmation of carpal tunnel syndrome and ruling out other neuromuscular conditions. In certain cases, imaging such as ultrasound or MRI helps visualise the median nerve or rule out other causes. Doctors may also order blood tests to check for underlying conditions such as diabetes or thyroid disorders, which can contribute to or worsen carpal tunnel syndrome. Accurate diagnosis allows for effective treatment and helps prevent long-term complications. [Next: Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome →]

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Doctor performing carpal tunnel release surgery on a patient’s hand

Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Health Conditions /

Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome aims to relieve symptoms, prevent nerve damage, and restore hand function. Early treatment is usually conservative, but surgery may be considered in moderate to severe cases. 1. Lifestyle Modifications 2. Wrist Splints Wearing a wrist splint, particularly at night, keeps the wrist in a neutral position and reduces pressure on the median nerve. Many people experience relief within weeks. 3. Medication 4. Physiotherapy Stretching and nerve-gliding exercises help relieve tension and improve circulation. A physiotherapist may also advise on strengthening the surrounding muscles and correcting posture. 5. Surgery (Carpal Tunnel Release) If symptoms persist or worsen despite conservative treatments, surgery may be required. This involves cutting the transverse carpal ligament to relieve pressure on the median nerve. There are two main approaches: Both are typically day procedures with good outcomes and short recovery times. Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Successful treatment restores hand function, reduces pain, and prevents long-term complications such as permanent nerve damage or muscle wasting. [Next: Complications and Recovery from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome →]

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Person adjusting a wrist brace for carpal tunnel syndrome

Complications and Recovery from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Health Conditions /

Complications and Recovery from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Complications and recovery from carpal tunnel syndrome depend on how early the condition is treated and whether surgery is needed. If not addressed, complications of carpal tunnel syndrome can include permanent nerve damage, muscle wasting, and long-term hand dysfunction. Common Complications Recovery After Non-Surgical Treatment With splinting, lifestyle changes, and therapy, many patients recover within weeks to months. However, they must avoid triggers and follow proper hand positioning to prevent recurrence. Recovery After Surgery Post-operative care includes: Complications and Recovery from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Outcomes are typically excellent when carpal tunnel syndrome is addressed early. Long-term complications are rare if treatment is prompt and recovery is managed carefully. [Next > Back to Overview]

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Model of a stitched human heart symbolising cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease, Health Conditions /

Cardiovascular Disease – Overview This Cardiovascular disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, often leading to serious complications such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure. This disease is the leading cause of death globally, yet many forms are preventable through lifestyle changes, early detection, and proper management. This broad term includes several disorders, such as: The primary cause of most cardiovascular conditions is atherosclerosis — a build-up of fatty deposits (plaque) in the arteries that restrict blood flow. Over time, this can lead to blood clots, ruptures, and damage to organs. Cardiovascular Disease Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet. Family history and age also play significant roles. Despite its seriousness, this disease is manageable — and often preventable — with lifestyle adjustments, medication, and regular health monitoring. What Is Cardiovascular Disease? Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term for a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), peripheral artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart defects. Most forms of CVD are caused by atherosclerosis — the build-up of fatty deposits in artery walls that narrows blood flow. This can eventually lead to heart attacks, strokes, or organ damage if left untreated. Risk Factors and Prevention Major risk factors for CVD include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, and an unhealthy diet. Age and family history also increase the risk. Fortunately, many of these risks are manageable. By adopting healthier habits, taking prescribed medications, and undergoing regular check-ups, people can significantly reduce their chances of developing complications. With awareness and early intervention, cardiovascular disease can often be prevented or effectively controlled. [Next: Causes of Cardiovascular Disease →]

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Blood pressure monitor and medication bottles on an ECG printout

Causes of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease, Health Conditions /

Causes of Cardiovascular Disease Causes of cardiovascular disease involve a combination of lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors. The most common causes include atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. Atherosclerosis is the process by which fatty deposits accumulate on artery walls, forming plaques. These plaques narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to organs. If a plaque ruptures, it can trigger a blood clot, leading to a heart attack or stroke. High blood pressure (hypertension) forces the heart to work harder and damages arteries over time. It contributes to the development of heart failure, aneurysms, and kidney disease. Smoking is a major contributor. It damages the lining of the arteries, increases blood pressure, and reduces oxygen in the blood — all of which accelerate cardiovascular decline. High cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad” cholesterol), plays a significant role. Excess LDL cholesterol sticks to artery walls, contributing to plaque formation. Diabetes — particularly poorly controlled — significantly raises the risk of cardiovascular disease. High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels and promote inflammation. Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are also leading causes. Being overweight puts strain on the heart, raises blood pressure, and is often accompanied by metabolic syndrome (a cluster of risk factors). Causes of Cardiovascular Disease Other contributors include: Understanding the causes of cardiovascular disease is essential for prevention. Addressing risk factors early — even before symptoms appear — can reduce the chance of heart attacks, strokes, and other complications later in life. [Next: Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease →]

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Man clutching chest in pain, showing signs of cardiovascular distress

Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease Symptoms of cardiovascular disease depend on the specific condition and its severity. The most common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs or abdomen. Chest pain (angina) is one of the hallmark signs. It may feel like pressure, tightness, or burning in the chest and often occurs during physical activity or emotional stress. Angina typically subsides with rest. Shortness of breath can indicate heart failure or blocked arteries. It may occur during exertion, when lying flat, or even at rest in severe cases. Breathlessness during sleep (orthopnoea) or waking up gasping (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea) also suggests heart strain. Fatigue and weakness are common, especially in heart failure. The heart’s reduced pumping ability results in less oxygen reaching the muscles, leading to tiredness during everyday tasks. Palpitations — a sensation of fluttering or irregular heartbeats — may be caused by arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Some arrhythmias are harmless, while others are life-threatening. Swelling (oedema) in the feet, ankles, or abdomen can be a sign of fluid retention due to poor circulation. Weight gain from fluid build-up is also common in advanced heart failure. Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease Other symptoms include: Because symptoms of cardiovascular disease may be subtle or attributed to other causes, it’s important to seek medical advice if symptoms persist or worsen. Early intervention can prevent severe outcomes and improve quality of life. [Next: Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease →]

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X-ray images of a human chest and spine used for cardiovascular diagnosis

Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease involves a combination of physical examination, risk assessment, and diagnostic testing. A correct diagnosis allows for timely treatment and helps prevent life-threatening complications. Doctors start by evaluating medical and family history, lifestyle habits, and symptoms. They measure blood pressure, listen to the heart, and check for signs of poor circulation or fluid retention. Common tests include: 1. Blood Tests 2. Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measures the heart’s electrical activity and helps detect arrhythmias, previous heart attacks, or abnormal rhythms. 3. Echocardiogram An ultrasound of the heart that shows structure, pumping function, and valve function. It is key for diagnosing heart failure and valve disease. 4. Stress Tests Evaluate heart performance under exertion. These may involve walking on a treadmill or taking a medication that stresses the heart while monitoring ECG and imaging. 5. Coronary Angiography A dye is injected into the coronary arteries and visualised with X-rays to detect blockages. It is used for assessing coronary artery disease. 6. CT or MRI Scans Advanced imaging tools used to assess plaque build-up, congenital defects, or damage after a heart event. 7. Holter Monitor or Event Recorder Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease Worn for 24–72 hours or longer to detect intermittent heart rhythm problems. A full diagnosis of cardiovascular disease provides a foundation for personalising treatment, determining risk, and establishing long-term management goals. [Next: Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease →]

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Healthcare worker in scrubs with a stethoscope and red heart shape in pocket

Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease, Health Conditions /

Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Treatment of cardiovascular disease aims to manage symptoms, reduce risk, and prevent future cardiac events. Depending on the condition and severity, treatment may include lifestyle changes, medications, surgical procedures, or implantable devices. 1. Lifestyle Changes The first line of defence: 2. Medications Used to manage symptoms, control risk factors, and prevent progression: 3. Medical Procedures 4. Cardiac Rehabilitation Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease A structured programme of supervised exercise, education, and support that improves outcomes and reduces recurrence after cardiac events. Successful treatment of cardiovascular disease involves a long-term commitment to health. With proper medical care and personal discipline, many patients lead full and active lives well into old age. [Next: Complications and Recovery from Cardiovascular Disease →]

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