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Health Conditions

Find information on various health conditions affecting people of all ages. This category covers causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options for physical illnesses and chronic diseases. Get insights to help you understand different health challenges and make informed decisions about your wellbeing.

Child using an oxygen mask for carbon monoxide poisoning treatment

Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning relies on recognising the symptoms and confirming elevated carbon monoxide levels in the blood. A timely diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning can save lives and prevent long-term complications. Doctors begin by taking a detailed history, asking about recent exposure to fuel-burning appliances, enclosed spaces, and whether others in the environment are feeling unwell. Clues such as headache that improves outside or symptoms affecting multiple people often point to CO exposure. The main diagnostic tool is a blood test to measure carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels. Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin in the blood to form this compound. Normal COHb levels are under 2% in non-smokers and up to 9% in smokers. Levels above 10–15% suggest significant exposure. In severe cases, levels may exceed 50%. Pulse oximeters, commonly used to measure oxygen saturation, can give false readings in CO poisoning because they cannot distinguish betwThere is a difference between oxyhaemoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin, so hospitals use special equipment such as a CO-oximeter to obtain accurate results. Other investigations may include: Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning In some cases, vague symptoms or symptoms mistaken for a viral illness or food poisoning can delay diagnosis. That’s why it’s crucial to ask about environmental exposures and the presence of CO sources. When doctors confirm carbon monoxide poisoning, they begin treatment immediately—often before all test results are in—to prevent progression and tissue damage. [Next: Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning →] Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning centres on removing the person from the source of exposure and delivering oxygen to eliminate the gas from the body. The primary goal of treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning is to restore oxygen delivery to vital organs and prevent complications. The first step is immediate removal from the exposure site. This alone can stop the poisoning from worsening. Emergency services should ventilate the area, and patients should be transported to hospital promptly. Once in a medical setting, treatment typically includes: 1. 100% Oxygen Therapy High-flow oxygen is delivered through a tight-fitting mask to replace carbon monoxide with oxygen in the blood. This speeds up the removal of carboxyhaemoglobin and improves tissue oxygenation. Most people receive oxygen for several hours. 2. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) In moderate to severe cases — especially with loss of consciousness, neurological symptoms, pregnancy, or COHb levels over 25% — hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used. This involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurised chamber and helps reduce long-term brain injury. 3. Supportive Care This includes IV fluids, pain relief, anti-nausea medication, and continuous monitoring. If there are heart or brain complications, treatment is adjusted accordingly. Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Hospital teams may consult cardiology or neurology if patients show evidence of organ damage. Pregnant women receive urgent oxygen therapy to protect the foetus, which is more vulnerable to CO. After stabilisation, doctors will arrange follow-up tests to assess for delayed neurological symptoms, which can appear days or weeks after exposure. A key part of treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning also includes ensuring that the source of CO exposure is identified and corrected, often involving environmental health officials or gas safety inspectors. [Next: Complications and Recovery from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning →]

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Man coughing and surrounded by smoke, indicating carbon monoxide exposure

Complications and Recovery from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Health Conditions /

Complications and Recovery from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Complications and recovery from carbon monoxide poisoning vary depending on how long the person was exposed and how quickly they received treatment. While many people recover fully, complications from carbon monoxide poisoning can include brain damage, heart problems, and long-term fatigue or mood changes. Short-Term Complications Delayed Neurological Sequelae (DNS) Up to 40% of people with moderate or severe exposure may develop DNS. Symptoms appear days or weeks later and include: These effects may last weeks, months, or even become permanent. Rehabilitation, physiotherapy, and neurocognitive therapy can help support recovery. Emotional and Psychological Impact Survivors may experience anxiety, post-traumatic stress, or depression, especially after severe illness or witnessing others fall ill. Psychological support is essential during recovery. Recovery Timeline Complications and Recovery from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning To ensure complete recovery, follow-up appointments should monitor cognitive function, heart health, and emotional wellbeing. Preventing recurrence is a vital part of recovery. Patients are encouraged to install CO detectors, regularly service appliances, and never use fuel-burning devices in enclosed spaces. With fast treatment and good follow-up, complications can be managed, and many people return to full health. [Next > Back to Overview]

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Cancer

Cancer

Cancer, Health Conditions /

Cancer – Overview Cancer is a group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably. Invade surrounding tissues, and may spread to other parts of the body. This can develop in almost any organ or tissue, and it remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. While some forms progress slowly, others can spread aggressively, making early detection and treatment essential. The disease begins when genetic mutations alter normal cell behaviour. Instead of dividing in a controlled way, cancer cells grow unchecked, often forming a mass called a tumour. Not all tumours are cancerous — benign tumours do not spread. However, malignant tumours invade nearby tissues and can metastasise (spread) to distant organs through the blood or lymphatic system. There are over 100 types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, colon, leukaemia, lymphoma, and skin. Each type behaves differently and requires tailored treatment. Cancer – Overview Cancer affects people of all ages, but the risk increases with age. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise. Additionally, exposure to carcinogens like radiation or toxic chemicals play a major role. Genetics, infections, and environmental triggers also contribute. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted drugs. Success depends on the type, stage, and individual health status. Although a diagnosis can be frightening, advances in early detection, personalised treatment, and support services are improving survival rates and quality of life for millions of patients worldwide. [Next: Causes of Cancer →]

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Causes of Cancer

Causes of Cancer

Cancer, Health Conditions /

Causes of Cancer Causes of cancer are diverse and often involve a mix of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. The most common causes of cancer include tobacco use, poor diet, exposure to carcinogens, chronic infections, and inherited gene mutations. Genetic mutations are at the heart of all cancers. These changes in DNA can be inherited or acquired. Inherited mutations — such as those in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes — significantly raise the risk for certain cancers like breast or ovarian cancer. However, most mutations are acquired during a person’s life due to external influences or random cell errors. Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of cancer globally. It contains dozens of known carcinogens and is strongly linked to lung, throat, mouth, pancreas, and bladder cancer. Even second-hand smoke exposure increases risk. Diet and lifestyle are major contributors. Diets high in red or processed meats, low in fibre, and lacking fruits and vegetables may increase cancer risk. Obesity is linked to at least 13 types of cancer, including breast, liver, and bowel cancer. Lack of physical activity, excess alcohol, and chronic stress can also contribute to a cancer-friendly environment in the body. Environmental exposures such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer, while substances like asbestos, radon gas, and industrial chemicals are known to increase risk for lung and other cancers. Causes of Cancer Infections play a role in several cancers. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to cervical and throat cancers, while hepatitis B and C viruses are major causes of liver cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with stomach cancer. Hormonal influences, especially in hormone-sensitive cancers like breast or prostate cancer, may also affect risk. Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or contraceptives is a potential factor in some cases. Understanding the causes of cancer helps guide prevention strategies such as vaccination (e.g. HPV or hepatitis B), healthy lifestyle choices, regular screenings, and avoiding carcinogenic exposures. [Next: Symptoms of Cancer →]

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Person coughing and holding chest, indicating discomfort

Symptoms of Cancer

Cancer, Health Conditions /

Symptoms of Cancer Symptoms of cancer vary depending on the type, location, and stage of the disease. While some cancers present with clear signs early on, others remain silent until they are advanced. Common symptoms of cancer include unexplained weight loss, fatigue, persistent pain, skin changes, and abnormal bleeding. One of the most common warning signs is unexplained weight loss. Losing more than 5–10% of body weight without dieting or increased exercise could signal an underlying issue, including cancer. Fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest is another frequent symptom. Cancer-related fatigue is often persistent and can interfere with daily activities. Pain can be an early sign of some cancers. For example, headaches that don’t go away could be linked to brain cancer, while back pain may signal spinal tumours or pancreatic cancer. Persistent pain without a clear cause should always be investigated. Skin changes are also important indicators. These include new moles, changes in existing moles, or sores that don’t heal. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) may suggest liver or pancreatic cancer. Lumps or swellings in the breast, testicles, neck, or underarms may indicate a tumour. These should always be checked, even if painless. Other key symptoms: Symptoms of Cancer Because these symptoms can also result from non-cancerous conditions, they don’t always mean cancer is present. However, persistent or unexplained symptoms should never be ignored. Recognising symptoms of cancer early increases the chance of successful treatment. Regular check-ups and knowing your body well can make a life-saving difference. [Next: Diagnosis of Cancer →]

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Smiling cancer patient with pink ribbon talking to doctor

Diagnosis of Cancer

Cancer, Health Conditions /

Diagnosis of Cancer Diagnosis of cancer involves a series of steps to confirm the presence of abnormal cell growth and determine its type, location, and stage. A timely and accurate diagnosis of cancer is critical for choosing the most effective treatment plan and improving outcomes. The process often begins with a visit to a GP or specialist due to symptoms or during a routine screening. Based on initial findings, doctors may order further tests. Imaging tests are frequently the first step: Blood tests can reveal tumour markers or detect organ function abnormalities. Examples include PSA (for prostate cancer), CA-125 (for ovarian cancer), and AFP (for liver cancer). Biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Doctors take a small tissue sample and examine it under a microscope to check for cancer cells and confirm the diagnosis. Doctors perform biopsies using different methods depending on where the tumour is located. These include needle biopsy, surgery, endoscopy, or skin scraping. Endoscopy allows doctors to view internal areas like the colon, oesophagus, or lungs using a thin tube with a camera. Diagnosis of Cancer Genetic testing may be done on the tumour or the patient’s own DNA to understand mutations driving the cancer. This helps guide targeted therapies and assess familial risk. Once diagnosed, staging determines how far the cancer has spread. This typically ranges from stage I (localised) to stage IV (metastatic). Additional scans, surgical assessments, or bone marrow biopsies may be used to complete staging. A confirmed diagnosis of cancer enables the medical team to develop a personalised treatment plan based on tumour type, location, genetics, and patient preferences. [Next: Treatment of Cancer →]

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Gloved hand holding the hand of a cancer patient receiving IV treatment

Treatment of Cancer

Cancer, Health Conditions /

Treatment of Cancer Treatment of cancer varies widely depending on the cancer’s type, stage, and location, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences. The primary goals of treatment of cancer are to eliminate cancer, prevent its spread, or manage symptoms in advanced cases. Common cancer treatments include: 1. Surgery Surgery removes tumours and surrounding tissue, often providing a cure for early-stage cancers. It may be used alone or alongside other therapies. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic surgery, are now common. 2. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill fast-growing cancer cells. It may be used to shrink tumours before surgery, eliminate remaining cancer after surgery, or treat widespread disease. Side effects can include nausea, fatigue, and hair loss, but supportive medications reduce these impacts. 3. Radiation Therapy High-energy beams (such as X-rays or protons) target and destroy cancer cells. Radiation is used alone or with other treatments and can be external or internal (brachytherapy). It’s commonly used in breast, prostate, and head and neck cancers. 4. Immunotherapy This newer approach stimulates the patient’s immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells. Drugs like checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapy are transforming treatment in melanoma, lung cancer, and blood cancers. 5. Targeted Therapy Targeted drugs block specific molecules that cancer cells rely on to grow. These treatments are often used when genetic mutations are identified through testing. 6. Hormone Therapy Used for hormone-sensitive cancers like breast and prostate cancer, this therapy lowers or blocks hormones that fuel cancer growth. 7. Stem Cell Transplant Mainly used in blood cancers such as leukaemia or lymphoma, this treatment replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy cells. Supportive care, including pain management, nutrition counselling, and mental health support, is also essential. Treatment of Cancer A successful treatment of cancer plan may combine multiple methods and evolve over time. Continuous advances in medicine are expanding options and improving survival rates. [Next: Complications and Recovery from Cancer →]

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Smiling woman with headscarf embraced by supportive young woman

Complications and Recovery from Cancer

Cancer, Health Conditions /

Complications and Recovery from Cancer Complications and recovery from cancer depend on many factors, including the type of cancer, its stage, treatment used, and the patient’s overall health. While many people recover fully, complications of cancer can be physical, emotional, or long-term. Short-Term Complications Long-Term Complications Emotional and Psychological Complications Cancer can cause depression, anxiety, PTSD, and body image issues. Support from counsellors, therapists, and support groups is vital. Many patients experience fear of recurrence even after successful treatment. Recovery and Survivorship Recovery involves physical healing, emotional adjustment, and lifestyle changes. Regular follow-ups monitor for recurrence, side effects, and new symptoms. Many patients benefit from: Complications and Recovery from Cancer With early diagnosis and the right treatment, many cancers are now curable or manageable as chronic conditions. Holistic care during and after treatment improves both survival and quality of life. Understanding complications and recovery from cancer helps patients prepare, seek support, and stay proactive about long-term health. [Next > Back to Overview]

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Person clutching chest with digital heart overlay indicating cardiac distress

Bundle Branch Block

Bundle Branch Block, Health Conditions /

Bundle Branch Block – Overview The Bundle branch block is a condition where there is a delay or blockage in the electrical impulses. These travel through the heart’s bundle branches, which are part of the pathways that control heartbeats. This can affect either the right or left bundle branch. Additionally, may alter the way the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) contract. The heart’s electrical system coordinates the rhythm and timing of each heartbeat. When a bundle branch is blocked. The signal is slowed or blocked on its way to part of the heart, causing the ventricles to beat out of sync. While some people experience no symptoms, others may feel light-headed, fatigued, or faint. There are two main types of BBB: Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB). RBBB is more commonly benign. Often found incidentally on an ECG, while LBBB may indicate underlying heart disease or increase the risk of complications such as heart failure. Bundle Branch Block This is more common in older adults, individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or previous heart attacks. It can also occur in younger people with no known heart problems. Although this is not a disease itself. It may be a sign of an existing or developing cardiac issue. Diagnosis is usually made through an electrocardiogram (ECG). Additionally, it may lead to further cardiac testing depending on the type and symptoms. What Is Bundle Branch Block? This is a heart rhythm condition where the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are delayed or blocked along the right or left BBB — pathways responsible for guiding signals to the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles). This disruption can affect how efficiently the ventricles contract. Right BBB (RBBB) is often harmless and may be discovered during routine ECG testing, whereas Left BBB (LBBB) is more likely to signal underlying heart disease and may be associated with an increased risk of heart failure or other complications. Who Is at Risk? This is more frequently seen in older adults and in people with high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, or a history of heart attacks. However, it can also appear in younger individuals without known heart conditions. Some people may not experience any symptoms, while others might notice fatigue, dizziness, or fainting. Although not a disease itself, BBB can be a marker of other cardiac issues. It is typically diagnosed using an electrocardiogram (ECG), and depending on findings, further tests may be done to assess heart function and potential risks. [Next: Causes of Bundle Branch Block →]

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Medical illustration of heart with pacemaker showing electrical pathway

Causes of Bundle Branch Block

Bundle Branch Block, Health Conditions /

Causes of Bundle Branch Block Causes of bundle branch block relate to conditions that affect the heart’s electrical conduction system, especially the ventricles. The most common causes of bundle branch block include heart disease, structural abnormalities, scar tissue, high blood pressure, and, in some cases, unknown reasons. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is often associated with: Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is more likely to be caused by: LBBB tends to indicate more serious underlying heart conditions and is often associated with a higher risk of heart failure, especially if the left ventricle does not pump efficiently. Other causes common to both RBBB and LBBB include: Causes of Bundle Branch Block In some cases, no specific cause is found, and the block may be an incidental finding without immediate health concerns. Understanding the causes of bundle branch block helps doctors decide whether additional tests are needed and what treatment, if any, is appropriate. It also allows for risk assessment regarding potential heart rhythm problems or structural heart disease. What Causes Bundle Branch Block? Bundle branch block occurs when the electrical impulses that control heartbeats are delayed or blocked along the heart’s conduction pathways. This is usually caused by underlying heart conditions or structural changes. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) may result from congenital heart defects like atrial septal defect, chronic lung conditions, or right ventricular enlargement. In some cases, RBBB appears in healthy individuals without any underlying disease. Left bundle branch block (LBBB), on the other hand, is more often linked to serious issues such as coronary artery disease, past heart attacks, cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, or long-standing hypertension. Degeneration of the heart’s electrical system due to ageing can also contribute. Shared and Unidentified Causes There are causes common to both RBBB and LBBB, including infections like myocarditis, trauma or injury to the chest, complications from cardiac procedures, electrolyte imbalances, or the side effects of certain medications. Occasionally, no clear cause is found, and the block is discovered incidentally during a routine ECG. Identifying the underlying cause is vital, as it helps determine whether further investigation or treatment is needed. In the case of LBBB, especially, it may indicate an increased risk of heart failure or other serious complications. [Next: Symptoms of Bundle Branch Block →]

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